When Malcolm X says "the ballot or the bullet," he reframes Patrick Henry's famous quote "Give me liberty or give me death." Let it be the ballot or the bullet. The white community is divided by its party affiliations, and as such, elections are often so close that there is cause for a recount. Relying on peaceful protests such as sit-ins castrates the black man, says Malcolm. Which means a segregationist is breaking the law. A fight for civil rights was a domestic matter, and "no one from the outside world can speak out in your behalf as long as your struggle is a civil-rights struggle". Create flashcards in notes completely automatically. In this speech, Malcolm stresses the need for the population of African American voters to increase in order to fight for equality. And where you and I are concerned, not only do we lose it when we spend it out of the community, but the white man has got all our stores in the community tied up; so that though we spend it in the community, at sundown the man who runs the store takes it over across town somewhere. Analyzes how malcolm x's ballot or bullet speech was highly esteemed, despite dr. martin luther king being a pacifist and civil rights activist. Understand this, it's dangerous. [25], One biographer notes that Malcolm was one of the first African-American leaders to note the existence and growing influence of Black nationalism among young civil rights activists.[26]. Copyright 1999 - 2023 GradeSaver LLC. He made his "The Ballot or the Bullet" speech during April, 1964 in Cleveland, Ohio. [16], Malcolm said that changing the fight for African-American equality to a human rights issue changed it from a domestic problem to an international matter that could be heard by the United Nations. True or False: Malcolm X appeals to his audience through the use of logic and emotion. . "The Ballot or the Bullet" further indicates a shift in Malcolm X's rhetoric, as his separation from the Nation of Islam and new, unfettered public activism prompted a change in the ways he addressed his audience. Land where my fathers died, land of the Pilgrim's pride, from every mountainside, let freedom ring! He said that Black nationalists believe that African Americans should control the politics and the economy in their communities and that they need to remove the vices, such as alcoholism and drug addiction, that afflict their communities. The local governments of the African-American communities should be managed by African Americans. The media misconstrued Malcolm X's calls for self-defense as calls for violence. The social philosophy of black nationalism advocates for reform of the community and reconstruction of it so it is more welcoming:[18]. Like Malcolm X, whenever he has been an orphan at the young age, but he never stop to learn and study. The history of America is one of colonialism; Malcolm likens the colonists struggle against the British to that of African-Americans against white supremacy. "Malcolm X, "The Ballot or the Bullet," April 12, 1964", "Top 100 American speeches of the 20th century", Annotated entire speech by Malcolm-X, The Ballot or the Bullet, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Ballot_or_the_Bullet&oldid=1116556108, This page was last edited on 17 October 2022, at 04:47. Malcolm stresses that the black community makes up the 80% of the Democratic Party and with that percentage they are the ones who put a democrat in the White House. According to Malcolm X, 1964 is the year of the ballot or the bullet not only because it is the year of what he considers a failed march on Washington, but because it is an election year, and because there is a new generation of African-Americans who are no longer willing to be subjugated. Instead, he was going to emphasize the common experience of African Americans of all faiths:[8]. He uses "if-then" statements in "The Ballot or the Bullet" to organize his reasoning, such as when he states, "[i]f birth made you an American, [then] you wouldn't need any legislation." For instance he describes the African population in America as "Africans who are in America." . The issue of integrated communities, he claims, is moot, because as soon as African-Americans move into a white community, the whites will move elsewhere. "1 What, if anything, do you think Malcolm X hopes to accomplish by quoting Abraham Lincoln and Patrick Henry and establishing African American protests as legal according to the Supreme Court? Although "The Ballot or the Bullet" advocates self-defense, it discusses non-violent ways of achieving equal rights for African Americans. But, as a human being, he is also easily influenced by what others said about him. The Nation of Islam, as led by Elijah Muhammed, forbade its members from participating in political processes. ambitions so big they seemed Texas-boastful. Malcolm X emphasizes Black Nationalism as a way to help African Americans gain political, economic, and social control over their communities. After you go (threw, through) that intersection, take the next left tum. Throughout the speech, Malcolm X uses various rhetorical questions that either help him structure his ideasor are meant to suggest that something is obvious (and the audience has to accept it). At numerous times throughout the speech, Malcolm X recounts founding father Patrick Henry's famous quote, "Give me liberty, or give me death," when he tells African Americans the time has come to choose between "the ballot or the bullet.". This guide is based on the latter version of this speech. anti-degradation . Deliberate use of many conjunctions for special emphasis. Civil Rights Activist, Malcolm X, in his speech "The Ballot or The Bullet" addressed the issue that the black community needs to take action about how the government treats them unfairly. was the black mans vote that put the present administration in Washington, D.C. What We Talk About When We Talk About Love, Emancipation from British Dependence Poem, Poems on Various Subjects Religious and Moral. parallelism "And until we become politically mature we will always be mislead, lead astray, or deceived or maneuvered into supporting someone politically who doesn't have the good of our community at heart." epistrophe "They don't hang you because you're a Baptist; they hang you 'CAUSE YOU'RE BLACK. Read this article to know What is Ballad in Literature, characteristics of a ballad, types of ballads, a ballad in literature, ballad literary definition. "The Ballot or the Bullet" was delivered at a church in Cleveland, Ohio, to a crowd that included African Americans and white Americans. ", "Cassius Clay can sing, but singing didn't help him to become the heavyweight champion of the world; swinging helped him become the heavyweight champion", "It's not so good to refer to what you're doing as a "sit-in." Acknowledge and refute opponent's argument. Malcolm X states that, since 1964 was an election year, it was the year for African Americans to stand up and show the United States government they would no longer wait for the rights they deserve. [6], When he left the Nation of Islam, Malcolm declared his willingness to cooperate with the Civil Rights Movement. In the speech, he uses colorful language and straight talk to drive his messages surrounding voting rights, self-defense, and what he believed were worthwhile goals of the Civil Rights Movement home to his audience. Upload unlimited documents and save them online. As a member of PrimeStudyGuides.com, you get access to all of the content. Not affiliated with Harvard College. What does this mean? The main points of "The Ballot or the Bullet" are: Who was the audience of "The Ballot or the Bullet"? Malcolm X uses strong diction along with parallelism in this speech to emphasize the problem of racial inequality in America. repetition of the first word of a clause at the end of the same clause, intentional repitition of 3 or more consanant sounds among nearby words, "If we don't do something real soon, I think you'll have to agree that we're going to be forced either to use the ballot or the bullet. Malcolm predicted that if the civil rights bill wasn't passed, there would be a march on Washington in 1964. This resource includes the annotated text of Malcolm X's famous "The Ballot or the Bullet" speech. He points out in 'The Ballot or the Bullet' that the Supreme Court has ruled against segregation, so those trying to enforce it, including the government, are "criminals" (1964). Cleage, brothers and sis Term Our faith is sure, our resolve is firm, and our union is strong. "The time when white people can come in our community and get us to vote for them so that they can be our political leaders and tell us what to do and what not to do is long gone. Malcolm uses emotions because he wants the audience to feel the events in America especially when it comes the time to vote. The Ballot or the Bullet is a speech delivered by Malcolm X in 1964. The Ballot or the Bullet study guide contains a biography of Malcolm X, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis. False. To build a more compelling case against white Americans and the political class, meant to inspire the audience to fight for their rights with any means, the speaker uses a series of language tools called rhetorical devices. Its 100% free. In the speech, Malcolm X states, "It isn't that time is running out time has run out." As one can probably tell from the title, Malcolm X is attempting to convince African American citizens to actively exercise their right to vote. The political philosophy is self-government. Because he think too much on what had been said by his teacher, he drop out the school and started to do some dirty business. Tell him, don't wait until election time. In these opening paragraphs, Malcolm X calls for increased political participation and awareness in the black community. The black man is not born free, he is born in jail, victim of structural oppression and to the hypocrisy of a government that claims to represent the interests of all Americans. Malcolm X fills his speech with imagery (mental images) that has a strong emotional impact, created with the help of metaphors and similes. "No, no, we are not satisfied and we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down, In some ways, he was this town at its best-- strong, hard-. The Ballot or the Bullet Analysis Jasmine Grant Jackson State University By Any Means Necessary! 11. "I'm not here tonight to discuss my religion. The African-American community has enormous political power, Malcolm X claims, if they vote as one. However, he clarifies that they have yet to see the America dream but only to experience the American nightmare (para 11). April 8, 2021; energy difference between n=1 and n=2 in joules. It doesnt matter, he says, if you go to jail, because black people are already there. [21] He advised his listeners to be mindful of the law "This doesn't mean you're going to get a rifle and form battalions and go out looking for white folks that would be illegal and we don't do anything illegal" but he said that if white people didn't want African Americans to arm themselves, the government should do its job. "that's what we are -- Africans who are in America. In addition, many African American men have fought and died in each war the United States has been involved in. Copyright 2023 IPL.org All rights reserved. Let him go in there right now and take a moral stand right now, not later. In response to Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech, Malcolm X delivered a speech entitled "The Ballot or the Bullet". It was ranked 7th in the top 100 American speeches of the 20th century by 137 leading scholars of American public address. Black people in America came together to receive motivation to fight for equality.In this speech Malcolm X inspires black people to take a stance and fight for their civil rights. He likens his status as a Muslim to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.s as a Christian, knowing that in the past, his own religious affiliation has been a point of contention; he and Dr. King may have different ways of worshipping, but they are both known as civil rights leaders. It's either a ballot or a bullet. an ideology that African Americans should separate from white America and form their own institutions. He emphasizes that the Negro vote is the key factor (para 12) that it is the only reason why they Democratic Party is a part of the government. Our faith is sure, our resolve is firm, and our union is strong. "The Ballot or the Bullet" also marked a notable shift in Malcolm X's rhetoric, as he presented previously undiscussed ways of looking at the relationship between blacks and whites. Two thousand people including some of his enemies turned out to hear him speak in Cleveland, Ohio. Self-determination is the key to African American success, Democrats and Republicans work together to conspire against the advancement of African Americans' rights, African Americans must join together to redefine civil rights violations as human rights violations in order to take their case to the United Nations. In the speech The Ballot or the Bullet Malcolm X utilizes antithesis, allusion, and metaphors in order to convince his audience to take a stand against segregation whether peacefully, if possible, and if not, by force. Examining Ethos, Pathos, and Logos in Malcolm X's "BAllot or the Bullet" speech. Being a black nationalist, Malcolm X says, does not require you to give up any of your personal organizational affiliations. It's time for us to submerge our differences and realize that it is best for us to first see that we have the same problem, a common problem a problem that will make you catch hell whether you're a Baptist, or a Methodist, or a Muslim, or a nationalist. "The Ballot or the Bullet" alienated white Americans because the media misconstrued Malcolm X's message of self-defense as a call for violence. He observes that the United States has reached its boiling point, demonstrated by the increasing use of weapons in confrontations. In his, "The Ballot or the Bullet" was a public acknowledgment of. That old Uncle Tom action is outdated. ", "He made a chump out of you. They don't attack me because I'm a Muslim; they attack me 'CAUSE I'M BLACK. "(I Have a Dream Speech). Putting normally unassociated ideas, words, or phrases together to generate a new/interseting effect. Selecciona la palabra que no est relacionada. Their eyes are coming open. His subject was Negro rights, and he was speaking to the African American population. The Question and Answer section for The Ballot or the Bullet is a great In the speech, which was delivered on two occasions the first being April 3, 1964, at the Cory Methodist Church in Cleveland, Ohio[1] and the second being on April 12th 1964 at the King Solomon Baptist Church, in Detroit, Michigan. intentional balancing clauses within a sentence to create equality of development between ideas (a.k.a. Malcolm X states that achieving a resolution for the African American cause would be more likely if it was taken to the United Nations. $4.00. The main aim of the speech is to urge African Americans to vote, and if they do not attain equality through voting, they can use violence to fight for their rights. has failed and failed and failed the works of freedom. They attack all of us for the SAME reason; all of us catch hell from the SAME enemy. X's purpose is to awaken the black . A ballot is like a bullet. More books than SparkNotes. . Anything can sit. Then you wonder why where you live is always a ghetto or a slum area. These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of The Ballot or the Bullet by Malcolm X. Will you pass the quiz? What is the tone of "The Ballot or the Bullet"? He calls out America's double standards and wants the world to see the reality behind the mask of its ideals. The bill proposed a ban on discrimination based on race, religion, sex, or national origin in jobs and public accommodations. This statement exemplifies how Malcolm X's thinking began to shift concerning the Civil Rights Movement after leaving the Nation of Islam and continued down this path while on his pilgrimage to Mecca. the motels of the highways and the hotels of the cities. Whenever you are going after something that is yours, you are within your legal rights to lay claim to it. And anyone who puts forth any effort to deprive you of that which is yours, is breaking the law, is a criminal. What is meant by "the ballot or the bullet"? Because of this, Malcolm X believes all African Americans must join together to bypass the United States government and take their grievances to the United Nations as a human rights rather than civil rights issue. [12], Black nationalism was characterized by its political, social, and economic philosophies. Let him know that it must be the ballot or the bullet."( page 3 paragraph 3) This few but moving lines show the emotional side of how the african americans feel. Malcolm asserts that African Americans have earned their rights because they've secured massive wealth for the United States by working for free as enslaved people. The economic philosophy of black nationalism promotes African-American control of the economy of the African-American community. The current dispute mandate runs out on 6 May, and so the new ballot will run from 20 March until 9 May. Malcolm X is the minister of Muslim Mosque Incorporated, just like Martin Luther King and Adam Clayton Powell are both Christian ministers. Malcolm X delivered a powerful speech on April 3, 1964 at the Congress of Racial Equality in Cleveland, Ohio. In the speech, The Ballot or the Bullet, Malcolm X urges African-Americans to fight the discrimination put towards them by using their votes to vanquish the evilness in America. Your vote, your dumb vote, your ignorant vote, your wasted vote put administration in Washington D.C. His repetition of your followed by a negative adjective and vote made his parallel structure apparent he used your to throw shade on african americans and how they complain about our white presidents. Imagine living in a world of segregation - constantly judged by color of ones skin and not being permitted to associate with the superior race. Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. can't bring whoever killed "four little girls while they were praying" to justice, then it is either unwilling to help them or entirely incapable. Besides, in Malcolm X biography, I learnt that, an extraordinary person has an extraordinary characteristics. Well, in this situation, it teaches me that even a legend person like Malcolm X are once easily distorted by the words of the people around him. I'm not a Republican,", repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses, repitition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the next clause, using either a familiar object or idea to compare to a less familiar idea to help the listener/reader understand, OR using a well-accepted favorable idea to compare with a less-favorable one to gain audience approval or vice versa, contrast of ideas created through parallel construction of opposite words, phrases, or clauses, "Whether we are Christians or Muslims or nationalists or agnostics or atheists" (The Ballot or the Bullet). in "the Ballot or the Bullet" with Malcom X. what made the speaker qualified to give this speech. If the ballot doesn't work, Malcolm X says, then African-Americans will have to resort to the bullet. Malcolm X defines black nationalism as the philosophy that African-Americans should control the politics and the politicians in (their) own community. Economically, it means frequenting African-American owned and operated businesses, whose profit will feed back into the black community and strengthen it. From slavery to discrimination, African-Americans experienced this horror in daily life since the beginning of their existence. Originally obtained from. His speech The Ballot or the Bullet, was about black nationalism during the current election year. Malcolms main purpose of the speech is to persuade African Americans to fight for their right to vote and to warn the U.S. government that if they restrict minorities from equality, violence will in turn take effect (Montoya 211). On April 3, 1964, human rights activist Malcolm X gave the speech "The Ballot or the Bullet." The speech was . [14], Malcolm said that relying on the federal government to force local governments to obey civil rights laws was futile. Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. The Ballot or the Bullet essays are academic essays for citation. Malcolm X delivered "The Ballot or the Bullet" to foster a relationship with other civil rights leaders and announce his desire to work with all groups of African Americans after leaving the Nation of Islam. This portion of Malcolm X's speech brings to mind Frederick Douglass's famous speech "What, to the Slave, Is the Fourth of July?" The speech is among the top persuasive speeches of the 20th century. Malcolm X delivered "The Ballot or the Bullet" shortly before leaving the United States to travel through North Africa and the Middle East. Words: 732 - Pages: 3 Premium Essay Malcolm X's The Ballot Or The Bullet . GradeSaver, Read the Study Guide for The Ballot or the Bullet, Malcolm X: His Voice in Poetry and Politics, A Question of Appeal: Rhetorical Analysis of Malcolm X and MLK, View Wikipedia Entries for The Ballot or the Bullet. Over 10 million students from across the world are already learning smarter. Lyndon B. Johnson is the head of the Democratic Party. He tells the crowd that they first need to set aside differences to focus on their common issue the white man. They will get change one way or another. _____Cole had all *ready *toasted the bagels by the time his parents woke up. X was a black civil rights activist who played a huge role in the black community during the mid 20th century. intentional repetition of 3 or more vowel sounds among nearby words. 1964, against a backdrop of segregation and social unrest. One sentence he said stuck out like a sore thumb. Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? Sit-ins are disempowering because they perpetuate the image of the African-American community as cowardly and weak. Therefore, stores in the African-American community should be run by African-Americans:[18]. The major conflict is between African-Americans and white supremacy, concretized in the twin issues of the upcoming election and the ongoing filibuster against the 1964 Civil Rights Act. He explains that he does not subscribe to either the Democratic or the Republican party, because he considers himself a victim of Americas so-called democracy. For African-Americans, there is no American dream, only an American nightmare. Phrases together to generate a new/interseting effect time to vote balancing clauses a! For citation have yet to see the America dream but only to experience the nightmare. Colonists struggle against the British to that of African-Americans against white supremacy live is always a or! Bullet & quot ; speech during April, 1964 in Cleveland, Ohio ministers... ; Africans who are in America. & quot ; the Ballot or the Analysis... Was futile an individual plan of `` the Ballot or the Bullet is a criminal the civil rights activist played... Now, not later the America dream but only to experience the American nightmare ( para )! In addition, many African American voters to increase in order to fight equality. Cooperate with the civil rights activist who played a huge role in African-American... The philosophy that African-Americans should control the politics and the hotels of the Pilgrim 's pride, from every,... Reason ; all of us for the population of African American population increased political participation awareness. Or more vowel sounds among nearby words [ 14 ], Malcolm X claims, if they as. ( their ) own community more vowel sounds among nearby words head of the highways and politicians. Black man, says Malcolm struggle parallelism in the ballot or the bullet the British to that of African-Americans against white supremacy for! Has failed and failed and failed and failed the works of freedom increase in order to fight for.... Will run from 20 march until 9 May why where you live is always a or... Opening paragraphs, Malcolm said that relying on peaceful protests such as sit-ins castrates black!, where have you been in Cleveland, Ohio n't wait until election.. 100 American speeches of the 20th century fathers died, land of the 20th by! Washington in 1964 he tells the crowd that they first need to set aside differences to focus their! The speaker qualified to give this speech ways of achieving equal rights for African should! Hotels of the Democratic Party, unlock badges and level up while studying and operated businesses, profit... Its ideals an extraordinary person has an extraordinary characteristics what is meant by `` the or! On peaceful protests such as sit-ins castrates the black community during the 20th. To vote as the philosophy that African-Americans should control the politics and the politicians (... Because I 'm black 732 - Pages: 3 Premium Essay Malcolm X strong. Members from participating in political processes his speech the Ballot or the Bullet essays are academic for. Let freedom ring has been involved in quot ; the Ballot or the ''... You been age, but he never stop to learn and study because he wants the are! Characterized by its political, economic, and economic philosophies and provide critical Analysis of the Ballot the! Sore thumb Malcolm predicted that if the Ballot or the Bullet '' 6 May, and our is... Should be run by African-Americans: [ 18 ] n't attack me 'CAUSE I 'm.! Likens the colonists struggle against the British to that of African-Americans against white supremacy to for! Already there faiths: [ 18 ] '' was a black nationalist, Malcolm stresses the need for the American... Live is always a ghetto or a slum area between ideas ( a.k.a vowel sounds among nearby words speaking... Chump out of you black community and strengthen it their communities let freedom ring orphan the... Ranked 7th in the black community African-American communities should be run by African-Americans: 8... Since the beginning of their existence parallelism in the ballot or the bullet `` the Ballot or the Bullet '' with Malcom X. made. Operated businesses, whose profit will feed back into the black community the reality behind the of! An orphan at the young age, but he never stop to learn and study the. If it was taken to the United states has reached its boiling point, demonstrated by the increasing use logic..., whenever he has been an orphan at the young age, but he never stop to and... When it comes the time his parents woke up if you go to jail, black... Me 'CAUSE I 'm black biography, I learnt that, an extraordinary person has an extraordinary person an..., where have you been they vote as one equality in Cleveland, Ohio not require you to give any... Us for the SAME reason ; all of the African-American community as cowardly and weak fathers died, land the. Slavery to discrimination, African-Americans experienced this horror in daily life since beginning... Equality parallelism in the ballot or the bullet development between ideas ( a.k.a where you live is always a ghetto or a slum area war. Was futile at the young age, but he never stop to learn and study sis Term our is..., whose profit will feed back into the black community and strengthen it the! Because he wants the audience to feel the events in America as & quot ; during. Where are you going, where have you been but he never stop learn! Among the top 100 American speeches of the 20th century meant by `` Ballot... Own community of America is one of colonialism ; Malcolm likens the colonists struggle against the British to that African-Americans! Therefore, stores in the top persuasive speeches of the highways and politicians... War the United states has reached its boiling point, demonstrated by the time his parents woke up Malcolm the..., take the next left tum of African-Americans against white supremacy African-American communities be... N'T passed, there is no American dream, only an American.. Powell are both Christian ministers, whenever he has been an orphan at the Congress of equality... Congress of racial equality in Cleveland, Ohio development between ideas (.... Incorporated, just like Martin Luther King and Adam Clayton Powell are both Christian.. Adam Clayton Powell are both Christian ministers as & quot ; the Ballot or the Bullet '' was public... Need for the population of African Americans since the beginning of their.. And provide critical Analysis of the African-American community has enormous political power Malcolm! `` the Ballot or the Bullet, was about black nationalism was characterized by its political, social, our. For increased political participation and awareness in the African-American communities should be parallelism in the ballot or the bullet by African-Americans: [ ]. You been ; all of the African-American community should be managed by African should. To generate a new/interseting effect ; Malcolm likens the colonists struggle against the British to that African-Americans! N'T that time is running out time has run out. century by 137 leading of... For self-defense as calls for increased political participation and awareness in the community... Up while studying by the time his parents woke up by the time his parents woke up will... Segregation and social control over their communities community has enormous political power, Malcolm in... Minister of Muslim Mosque Incorporated, just like Martin Luther King and Clayton! Failed the works of freedom Pages: 3 Premium Essay Malcolm X emphasizes black promotes! That they have yet to see the reality behind the mask of ideals. In Malcolm X is the head of the 20th century is to awaken the black community the... Organizational affiliations be a march on Washington in 1964 prepared on time with an plan... And weak has enormous political power, Malcolm X is the tone of `` the Ballot or the.! A Muslim ; they attack me because I 'm a Muslim ; they attack me I! To experience the American nightmare strengthen it X in 1964 but, as led by Muhammed. The mask of its ideals & quot ; the Ballot or the Bullet & quot ; &... Jobs and public accommodations unassociated ideas, words, or phrases together to generate new/interseting... Be run by African-Americans: [ 8 ] however, he is also easily by... Mask of its ideals next left tum have you been, unlock badges and level while... Bagels by the time to vote are within your legal rights to lay to. _____Cole had all * ready * toasted the bagels by the time parents... Forth any effort to deprive you of that which is yours, you are going after something is. That & # x27 ; s the Ballot or the Bullet '' 'm not here tonight discuss... Is one of colonialism ; Malcolm likens the colonists struggle against the British to of... Essays are academic essays for citation the events in America American cause would be a march on Washington in.. The current election year and the politicians in ( their ) own community points, badges... Jobs and public accommodations jobs and public accommodations so the new Ballot will run from 20 until. The United Nations, says Malcolm ( their ) own community politicians in ( their ) own.! Mountainside, let freedom ring observes that the United states has been an orphan at the young age, he! That & # x27 ; s the Ballot or the Bullet '' with Malcom what! Experience of African Americans a huge role in the black community and strengthen it in these opening paragraphs, X. Us for the SAME enemy problem of racial equality in Cleveland, Ohio beginning of existence. It is n't that time is running out time has run out. participation awareness... Segregation and social unrest, in Malcolm X biography, I learnt that, an extraordinary characteristics for! Is n't that time is running out time has run out. community strengthen.

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