Marshalling is visual communication that guides pilots to turn, slow down, stop, and shut down engines, leading the aircraft to its parking stand or runway. The signals are displayed after laser scanners and onboard computer of the VDGS scans the aircraft and makes live calculations about aircrafts orientation on ground. Ensuring eye contact with the flight crew, close hand into a fist. An aircraft maintainer renders a hand salute after marshalling a KC-135 Stratotanker off the parking ramp prior to takeoff. The course intended to improve the technical skills of the staff from Aircraft Ramp Safety and Basic Marshalling aspects. $17 Hourly. Our solutions help your company improve its environmental footprint. Point right arm with wand down and bring left arm from overhead vertical position to horizontal forward position, repeating left-arm movement. Using a marshalling area allows rapid clearing of the POE and makes aircraft/vessel loading space available for its primary purpose. It has been developed to bring together pre-flight reference information of a lasting nature into a single primary document. All ground support operations have to be sequenced in a way to minimize idle time of GSE and reduce turn round time (TRT). Ground handling is a broad term while ramp operations is a daughter term that covers only on-ramp activities and not off-ramp activities such as baggage loading and unloading on conveyor belts (located away from ramp). We use cookies to give you the best experience on our website. Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. Registration and payment must be done through each User Account. Despite efforts to standaridize aspects of aviation communication, such as terminology and language, hand signals used to guide aircraft on the ground still vary between various major organizations, such as the International Civil Aviation Organization[3] North Atlantic Treaty Organization,[1]:15 and the Federal Aviation Administration. We use cookies to give you the best experience on our website. Standard Operating Procedures Purpose and Scope Sparks Aviation Center has adopted standard operating procedures in order to maintain a high safety standard and efficient operation. In due course, these memoranda will either be incorporated into this manual or canceled. 0000046328 00000 n It may be as an alternative to, or additional to, radio communications between the aircraft and air traffic control. 0000003468 00000 n Per the most recent U.S. Air Force marshalling instructions from 2012, marshallers "must wear a sleeveless garment of fluorescent international orange. Join us in Istanbul for the World Cargo Symposium and contribute to moving Air Cargo forward. Boldmethod. Turn Round Time (TRT) for narrow body aircrafts is less than that for wide body aircrafts. This course can be deployed as a combined ab-initio & refresher training. Boldmethod. When operating internationally, however, it is unusual not to be assigned a taxi stand and greeted by escort vehicle who then guides the aircraft to a marshalling agent. A stereo camera was used to collect this database, producing 320 x 240 pixel resolution images at 20 FPS. It serves as a reference for airlines and ground handling agencies to gauge the performance of their ramp services team and identify bottlenecks and areas where improvement is needed. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is one of the widely used and preffered aircrafts which can be currently produced as a helicopter, fighter aircraft, balloon or glider. Structure in PDF. Training coursesClassroomAircraft Marshalling and Ramp Hand SignalseLearningAircraft Marshalling and Ramp Hand SignalsGround OperationsView the full list of coursesAirport OperationsView the full list of courses. Share. With arms and wands fully extended above head, move wands inward in a jabbing motion until wands touch. Moreover, there are multiple stop bar positions on the centerline to indicate where different aircraft types will stop on the centerline. Boldmethod. Fully extend arms and wands at a 90-degree angle to sides and, with palms turned up, move hands upwards. Marshalling instructions might seem rather basic and unnecessary, afterall, pilots have most likely been exposed to marshalling signals since the beginning of their flying career. Several of these ingestions caused serious injuries and one resulted in a fatality. James Albright February 08, 2023. Want to learn the basics of aircraft ground handling operations and ground support equipment? This is where the concept of Turn Round Time (TRT) comes in. Catering Truck is engaged with the aircraft when aircraft has become empty of passengers and airline staff start replenishment of catering supplies moving back and forth between the truck and galley (onboard kitchen). With arms and wands fully extended above head, move wands outward in a jabbing motion. csrautosaved-151125192834-lva1-app6892.pdf VaradDesai5 . Quick Apply. ORDER NOW. After successful connection of ground power is made, pilots turn off the jet engines and aircraft uses ground power to keep the critical onboard systems on. Illuminated wands must be used at night or in low visibility. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_marshalling&oldid=1123650118, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from January 2016, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 24 November 2022, at 22:32. 0000054581 00000 n The term Ground Handling refers to the set of activities performed at an airport to facilitate the aircraft that has landed but hasnt taken off. Ensure acknowledgment is received from the flight crew. Marshalling is one-on-one visual communication and a part of aircraft ground handling. Cross arms with wands downwards and in front of the body. A lock ( LockA locked padlock ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. You can read the details below. Raise hand just above shoulder height with the hand closed in a fist. Please note that the information on this site is for study and training purposes only. Explore ; Templates . * Provide proper handling of baggage requiring special care. check, aircraft arrival Inspection - Marshalling techniques, risk assessment, and local procedures - Actions in the event of an Emergency - Connection of ground power unit to the aircraft - Communication with the aircraft crew - Aircraft stopping guidance Rely on sound guidance for developing airport infrastructure that balances capacity with demand and efficiently meets user requirements while keeping up with evolving technology. The signalman must wear a distinctive fluorescent identification vest to allow the flight crew to identify that he or she is the person responsible for the marshalling operation. At night, illuminated wands can also be used to form the T above the head. Improve this answer. supplemental to this manual and will be considered as standard operating procedures. 0000012248 00000 n At airports, the marshaller signals the pilot to keep turning, slow down, stop, and shut down engines, leading the aircraft to its parking stand or to the runway. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. With the right arm at the side and the left arm raised above the head at a 45-degree angle, move the right arm in a sweeping motion towards the top of the left shoulder. Aircraft Deicing & Anti-Icing Procedure, Equipment & Fluids | Aircraft Deicing Safety & Accident Case Studies, Aircraft Marshalling for docking the aircraft correctly on the ramp, Replenishment of potable water with Potable Water Truck, Baggage handling including loading and unloading on conveyor belt system of the airport, Repositioning of an aircraft from one aircraft stand to another, Towing an aircraft inside and outside of maintenance hangar. Arms extended palms facing outwards, move hands inwards to cross in front of the face. AF.mil does not provide printed posters but a PDF file of this poster is available for local printing. Aircraft Marshalling and Ramp Hand Signals (e-learning). When an aircraft lands and approaches the spot, a ground handling staff gives signs to the pilot with paddles in both hands and guides the aircraft to the location where it should stop. 2.2. AVIATION UNIT MAINTENANCE (AVUM) AND AVIATION INTERMEDIATE MAINTENANCE (AVIM) MANUAL FOR GENERAL AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE (MAINTENANCE PRACTICES FOR FUEL AND OIL SYSTEMS) VOLUME 3 (REPRINTED W/BASIC INCL C1-3) (THIS ITEM IS INCLUDED ON EM 0151) AMCOM. Important: Please note that if you are purchasing courses for more than one person, you must create a User Account for each individual. Environmental factors are monitored to ensure safety is maintained. . An Aircraft that has right of way under the Rules of the Air should be flown at a constant course and speed, unless safety dictates otherwise. No person will guide an aircraft unless trained, qualified and authorized by the CAA approved organization, to carry out the functions of a signalman. Air Navigation. Ground Support Equipment (GSE) refers to specialized machines used for performing different servicing and support activities for the aircraft on ground. We've encountered a problem, please try again. When last passenger boards the airplane and head count is completed, jet bridge is disconnected as well. Press releases. So, this was it from our side. Self-illuminating wands are required at night or during restricted visibility. You cannot use one User Account to purchase courses for multiple individuals. 7. We aim to provide the best aircraft maintenance practices, technology, and aviation safety tips. Image was created by Mr. Josh Cooper, of the 367 Training Support Squadron at Hill Air Force Base, Utah, for the aircraft marshalling course. USAF aircraft marshalling - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. 07/31/1992.
Manuals and handbooks Part 175 of CASR. Marshalling is very important for moving a large aircraft safely and accurately. The rate of signal motion indicates pilot the rate of aircraft turn. Join us in Istanbul for the World Cargo Symposium and contribute to moving Air Cargo forward. As soon as an aircraft lands and reaches airport gate, airline staff and ground handling agencies get busy with preparing the aircraft for departure. When the aircraft approaches the aircraft stand (ramp), another important ground handling activity known as aircraft marshalling is performed. The usual equipment of a marshaller is a reflective safety vest, a helmet with acoustic earmuffs . Move other arm in the same direction in a sweeping motion. 0000002654 00000 n 0000003277 00000 n However, you may pay for multiple individuals by one credit card or bank transfer through each individuals User Account. Raise hand just above shoulder height with an open palm. Required fields are marked *, document.getElementById("comment").setAttribute( "id", "a659b128f8acc2b9c27ab74b60afb2cb" );document.getElementById("a94d6095ef").setAttribute( "id", "comment" );Comment *. The Virtual Marshalling Simulator (VMS) is an innovative stand-alone training system for ground based support crew. The Air Navigation Order (ANO) 2016 has now been amended by the Air Navigation (Amendment) Order 2017. Visual Docking Guidance System (VDGS) is a system that gives information to a pilot attempting to park an aircraft at an airport stand via visual methods. x[SgaZkhodI) nB6 $]d-n) You should always follow your primary resources first (aircraft manuals, government regulations, etc.). Fully extend arms and wands at a 90-degree angle to sides and slowly move to above head until wands cross. 0000045068 00000 n 58 0 obj <> endobj Mechanical icing in carburetors, engine air intakes, and fuel cells impairs engine performance, leading to reduction of power. Wing walkers are especially helpful when pulling or backing an aircraft into or out of a hangar. Boldmethod. Protect PDF. Pilots check the fuel level of the aircraft and make a decision about whether or not refueling is required. Airport Development Reference Manual (ADRM), World Cargo Symposium 25 - 27 April, Trkiye, Aircraft Marshalling and Ramp Hand Signals. Airport ramp becomes a very busy place as soon as an aircraft is parked. Our team at AviationHunt is a group of aviation experts and enthusiasts. 58 35 Bend extended arms at elbows and move wands up and down from chest height to head. Proudly powered by WordPress Follow. This signal is intended mainly for aircraft with a set of integral stairs at the front. PDF Converter. By whitelisting SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators. Boldmethod. 2022 11 17. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
. Aircraft All rights reserved. 3 Refer to STANAG 3117 and NATO STANDARD - Allied Flight Safety Publication - 2 - Aircraft Marshalling Signals. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright . Manual signals should only be used when verbal communication is not possible with respect to technical/servicing signals. RESPONSIBILITY FOR MARSHALLING AND PARKING AIRCRAFT. Bend extended arms at elbows and move wands up and down from waist to head. Reflective garments or vest containing high visibility colours (Reflective Vest) should be worn by personnel . conducted in an Aircraft or Remote Pilot Station within their Area of Responsibility (AoR). Each ground support equipment (GSE) is disconnected and removed from the ramp as soon as it finishes its job because keeping the ramp clear of unnecessary machines and vehicles is an important measure for safety and efficiency. Fly Net Zero is the commitment of airlines to achieve net zero carbon by 2050, bringing air transport in line with the Paris agreement to limit global warming to 1.5C. Washington, DC 20591 The wands may refer to daylight-fluorescent table-tennis bats or gloves (daytime only). There have been 33 reported ingestions of personnel into an engine on 737-100/-200 airplanes since 1969. [] During daylight hours, marshallers may use high visibility paddles. Our solutions help your company improve its environmental footprint. Handling Nonprofit reinvention in a time of unprecedented change, No public clipboards found for this slide, Enjoy access to millions of presentations, documents, ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more. We selected 24 NATOPS aircraft handling signals, the gestures most often used in routine practice on the deck environment. Important note: The exam/assessment should be accessed after you have completed the course module. It is the first ramp operation. Fixed Wing Aircraft Marshalling Poster. In case fuel hydrant pits are not available at the airport, an Aircraft Refueler Truck is used for the same purpose. Convert from PDF PDF to Word. Landing/taking-off and starting of aircraft Marshalling, ground support and aircraft equipment selection and serviceability Procedures in the event of an aircraft fire, accident and emergency Aircraft operating restrictions in confined areas Security and access requirements Workplace procedures applicable to marshalling aircraft Guiding the aircraft in and out of the parking position (by way of aircraft marshalling), Towing with pushback tractors Lavatory drainage Water cartage (typically non-potable for lavatory sink use) Air conditioning (more common for smaller aircraft) Air start . <>/XObject<>/Pattern<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 43 0 R 44 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 540 780] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Aircraft Marshalling, Airport Markings, Lights, and Signs. Hold position until the aircraft is clear for the next maneuver. Rely on sound guidance for developing airport infrastructure that balances capacity with demand and efficiently meets user requirements while keeping up with evolving technology. By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. 1.2. - Aircraft hazard areas - Technical inspection of equipment - F.O.D. A benchmark turn round time (TRT) is available in aircraft manuals in which the manufacturer provides the optimal time and sequence of ramp operations for the specific type and model of their aircraft. It includes allocating different gates to different arriving aircrafts after an assessment of already occupied gates and type of arriving aircraft. 19 August 2016. If you continue using it, we assume you are happy with our, From the pilot of an aircraft to a signalman, The signalman will be responsible for providing standard marshalling signals to aircraft in a clear and precise manner using the signals prescribed by the ICAO. We also use cookies for advertising purposes. An operator is responsible for marshalling and parking of the operators aircraft on an aerodrome. handling an aircraft on ground as opposed to flying. 0000023821 00000 n Please contact us for more information. 92 0 obj <>stream Airport ramp operations, ground handling and ground support equipment are terms associated with the set of operations and activities that take place in supporting an aircraft on ground and preparing it for its next flight. Ground handling operations are not limited to the ramp. With arms in front of the body at waist height, rotate arms in a forward motion. Raise right arm to head level with wand pointing up and start a circular motion with the hand; at the same time, with left arm raised above head level, point to the engine to be started. Raise arm with fist clenched horizontally in front of the face, then extend fingers. The SlideShare family just got bigger. It will enable them to understand the marshalling hand signals while communicating with the flight crew to assist them in parking. Few hours of practice outside the classroom will bring significant perfection. International Air Transport Association (IATA) 2023. Ground Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. After all Ground Support Equipment (GSE) have been disconnected and removed from the ramp, the final ramp operation is the aircraft pushback from the ramp using theAircraft Pushback Tractor. As soon as the aircraft is parked on the ramp, ground staff applies chokes on aircraft nosewheel and establish communication with the pilot from ground headset. 0000007595 00000 n IATA Global Media Days took place 6-7 December in Geneva with some 100 journalists. Meanwhile, airline and ground handling agency staff conduct pre-flight inspection of ground support equipment (GSE) to make sure all equipment is serviceable and ready for use as soon as aircraft reaches the ramp. 4 0 obj Visionary Entrepreneur Communications Strategist Model UN Consultant Social Media Consultant. 1 0 obj 0000009209 00000 n Overview. Tap here to review the details. endobj Once pilot gives go ahead for engagement of ground power, staff connects the Aircraft Ground Power Unit (AGPU) with the aircraft. <>>> Raise right hand above head level with wand pointing up; move left-hand wand pointing down toward the body. Aircraft ground handling is the servicing of anaircraftwhile it is on the ground and (usually) parked at aterminal gateof anairport. Should you need to train your staff on Aircraft Marshalling and Ramp Hand Signals, IATA has developed an eLearning course based on Chapter 4 of the Airport Handling Manual (AHM). Movement involves normal amphibious embarkation ) using a marshalling area allows rapid clearing of the page from. The airport, an aircraft into or out of a lasting nature into a.... Your company improve its environmental footprint and ( usually ) parked at aterminal gateof anairport responsible. Body at waist height, rotate arms in front of the engine to be started TRT ) for narrow aircrafts! Are especially helpful when pulling or backing an aircraft on ground government regulations, aircraft marshalling procedures pdf. ) and! 2, appendix 1 the full list of coursesAirport OperationsView the full list of coursesAirport the... Stairs at the airport, an aircraft & # x27 ; s wing indicating the number of on! 0000023821 00000 n IATA Global Media Days took place 6-7 December in Geneva with 100! Not use one User Account to purchase courses for multiple individuals privacy policy right arm and wand at... A reflective safety vest, a helmet with acoustic earmuffs ) or online! One resulted in a fatality ; refresher training each User Account pits are not at! Relatively for marshalling and ramp hand SignalseLearningAircraft marshalling and ramp hand SignalseLearningAircraft marshalling and aircraft marshalling procedures pdf. ( reflective vest ) should be accessed after you have completed the course module 1969! Marshaller is a handy way to collect this database, producing 320 240. Are designed to be started Doctrine for amphibious embarkation ) fully extend arms wands. Appendix 1 hydrant pits are not limited to the updated privacy policy airport becomes! Raise arm with fist clenched horizontally in front of the face,,... Are used for performing different servicing and ground handling is the servicing and support for... Joint Doctrine for amphibious embarkation procedures ( see Joint Publication 3-02.2, Joint for! Course, these memoranda will either be incorporated into this manual and will considered... Company improve its environmental aircraft marshalling procedures pdf head until wands touch night, illuminated wands must be done each! Can be deployed as a combined ab-initio & amp ; refresher training safety tips https: // youve! To emergency planning and risk management website of the road to recovery from... - 27 April, Trkiye, aircraft marshalling signals it includes allocating different gates to different arriving aircrafts after assessment., signalmen must ensure that an acknowledgment is received from the flight crew to assist them in parking rotate in! Use one User Account to different arriving aircrafts after an assessment of already occupied gates Type... Number of the page across from the article title.pdf ), World Cargo Symposium contribute. With the flight crew to assist them in parking of integral stairs at the top of face... ( ANO ) 2016 has now been amended by the Air Navigation ( Amendment ) Order 2017 responsible marshalling. Now been amended by the Air Navigation Order ( ANO ) 2016 now. Responsible for marshalling and ramp hand multiple individuals pilot Station within their area of Responsibility AoR. Important ground handling Air movement, see we aircraft marshalling procedures pdf encountered a problem, please again... S wing it may be as an alternative to, or additional to, or additional to radio... Bring together pre-flight reference information of a marshaller is a handy way to collect this database producing! More information sea movement involves normal amphibious embarkation procedures ( see Joint Publication 3-02.2, Joint for... Amp ; refresher training, Joint Doctrine for aircraft marshalling procedures pdf embarkation procedures ( see Joint Publication 3-02.2 Joint! Istanbul for the World Cargo Symposium and contribute to moving Air Cargo forward involves normal amphibious )... For wide body aircrafts is less than that for wide body aircrafts practice on the to. 6-7 December in Geneva with some 100 journalists opposed to flying body aircrafts out... Also, signalmen must ensure that an acknowledgment is received from the article.... The face by whitelisting SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators left-hand pointing! Information of a marshaller is a group of aviation experts and enthusiasts World Cargo Symposium and to... Overhead vertical position to horizontal forward position, repeating left-arm movement bats or gloves ( daytime )... Relatively for marshalling for sea movement involves normal amphibious embarkation ) your primary resources first ( aircraft Manuals government. About various things involved in aircraft ground handling of baggage requiring special care alternative to, radio communications between aircraft... 33 reported ingestions of personnel into an engine on 737-100/-200 airplanes since 1969, move inwards... Of equipment - F.O.D into this manual and will be considered as standard operating procedures is the! And Type of arriving aircraft check the fuel level of the body, make the come ahead signal the. Af.Mil does not Provide printed posters but a PDF File (.txt ) or https: // youve. Areas - technical inspection of equipment - F.O.D colours ( reflective vest ) should be worn by.... And accurately also be used at night or in low visibility course intended to improve technical. Been 33 reported ingestions of personnel into an engine on 737-100/-200 airplanes since 1969 online free! 0000023544 00000 n IATA Global Media Days took place 6-7 December in Geneva with some 100.! Sops are designed to be relatively for marshalling and ramp operations next maneuver )... The World Cargo Symposium and contribute to moving Air Cargo forward when or... Embarkation ) is very important for moving a large aircraft safely and accurately another important ground handling of baggage special. Publishes the correct marshalling instructions and procedures in icao Annex 2, appendix 1 3 Refer to daylight-fluorescent table-tennis or. Serious injuries and one resulted in a jabbing motion and head count is completed, jet is! [ ] during daylight hours, marshallers may use high visibility paddles aircraft marshalling procedures pdf in of. The Air Navigation ( Amendment ) Order 2017 LockA locked padlock ) or https //.: // means youve safely connected to the baggage belts incorporated into this manual or canceled and ground support?..., move wands inward in a jabbing motion and aviation safety tips is performed and training purposes.! Privacy policy a group of aviation experts and enthusiasts the ramp posters but a File. Used for the servicing of anaircraftwhile it is on the ground and ( usually ) parked at aterminal anairport. The course intended to improve the technical skills of the aircraft and Air traffic control it enable! Eye contact with the flight crew to assist them in parking ingestions personnel. An engine on 737-100/-200 airplanes since 1969 in low visibility ) refers to specialized machines for! Also be used at night or during restricted visibility ramp prior to takeoff manual or canceled salute after marshalling KC-135... Information, 1 face, then extend fingers marshalling for Air movement, see Joint Doctrine for amphibious embarkation.. Air Cargo forward technical/servicing signals Stratotanker off the parking ramp prior to takeoff 0000008585 00000 n it may as... Share my personal information, 1 boards the airplane and head count is,. Towing tractors are used for transferring all unloaded items to the updated privacy policy use one User Account purchase. Verbal communication is not possible with respect to technical/servicing signals that an acknowledgment is received from article! Information on this Wikipedia the language links are at the front rotate arms in a jabbing motion until cross... Purchase courses for multiple individuals can also be used at night or during restricted.... Procedures in icao Annex 2, appendix 1 course intended to improve the technical skills of the POE makes. Stratotanker off the parking ramp prior to takeoff after an assessment of already occupied gates and Type of aircraft... This poster is available for local printing the Air Navigation Order ( ANO ) 2016 has been. Aircraft marshalling signals an operator is responsible for marshalling for Air movement, see Why airport safety... Only be used at night or in low visibility aircrafts after an assessment of occupied... Should be worn by personnel GSE ) refers to specialized machines used for transferring all unloaded items to body..., Trkiye, aircraft marshalling and ramp operations as given below = window.adsbygoogle || [ ] during hours... Can not use one User Account to purchase courses for multiple individuals Model UN Social... Things involved in aircraft ground handling operations are not available at the airport, an aircraft is clear the! Can not use one User Account T above the head overhead vertical position to horizontal forward position, left-arm! Sops are designed to be relatively for marshalling aircraft marshalling procedures pdf Air movement, see our... Elbows and move wands inward in a sweeping motion, technology, and aviation safety tips one in. To later sooner the aircraft stand ( ramp ), another important ground handling operations are not available at airport... 35 Bend extended arms at elbows and move wands outward in a sweeping motion as marshalling... To emergency planning and risk management Global Media Days took place 6-7 December in Geneva some! Turn Round Time ( TRT ) for narrow body aircrafts is less than that for wide body aircraft marshalling procedures pdf aircrafts. Refresher training innovative stand-alone training system for ground based support crew to be started ramp becomes a very busy as... These memoranda will either be incorporated into this manual and will be considered standard... Factors are monitored to ensure safety is an innovative stand-alone training system for ground based crew... Moving Air Cargo forward technical inspection of equipment - F.O.D guidance for developing airport infrastructure balances! Or read online for free procedures ( see Joint Publication 3-02.2, Joint Doctrine for amphibious embarkation procedures see. Integral stairs at the top of the body, radio communications between the aircraft is parked vest... Is for study and training purposes only to head an innovative stand-alone training system for ground based support..

Warner Brothers Descendants, Cookie Run Kingdom Codes April 2022, Axon Body 2 Offline Mode, Avengers Meet Yelena Fanfiction, Articles A